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Impact of introducing a herb pasture area into a New Zealand sheep and beef hill country farm system:

Cécile DURANTON, Cory MATTHEW

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 87-97 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2018202

摘要： New Zealand is well known for export of meat and dairy products from low cost pastoral systems. These farm systems are continually evolving for increased efficiency, in part through the use of metabolic energy modeling tools by farmers and farm consultants to explore alternative farm system configurations and identify new efficiencies. One recent innovation is the introduction of a herb pasture area, such as plantain. We used metabolic energy modeling to quantify seasonal feed flows in two successive years in a New Zealand hill country farm system, and to analyze the impact of the introduction of an area of plantain. Models employed were a self-built Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and a commercial New Zealand farm systems modeling package, FARMAX. Herbage production, animal performance and financial results for a base farm scenario created from the average of survey data for hill farms in the southern North Island, and the same farm with 10% and 20% of the area in plantain for the years 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 were modeled. The self-built model performed similarly to the commercial model. The system configuration of the base farm stockpiles surplus autumn feed for release to animals in winter and also incorporates flexibility that confers resilience to interannual weather variation through varying dates animals are purchased or sold. The introduction of an area of plantain was predicted to increase herbage production, animal performance and financial returns. The predicted benefit was higher for the year 2010–2011 where a drought occurred in summer than for the following year with higher summer rainfall. This demonstrates the profitability of introducing a plantain area to New Zealand hill farm systems, and suggests plantain will assist to mitigate adverse effects of warmer and drier summer conditions associated with current climate change trends.

关键词： farm system configuration herb pasture metabolic energy budgeting plantain sheep and beef farming

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我国牛羊肉产业的发展现状、挑战与出路

任继周,李发弟,曹建民,李秉龙,胥刚,唐增

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第5期页码 67-73 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.05.014

摘要：

牛羊肉产业在利用农业资源、丰富膳食结构、繁荣农业经济及维护民族稳定等方面具有重要的战略作用。我国牛羊肉产业正从副业生产逐步迈向专业化生产，虽然取得了一些成就，但也面临着供需缺口持续增大、粗饲料资源结构性不合理、牛羊种业发展滞后、外源性竞争加剧等挑战。通过国内外对比分析与趋势判断，笔者提出了推进草畜一体化建设、尽快启动牛羊肉产业关键技术环节的国家重点研发计划、完善育种机制、加强牛羊肉屠宰加工业的发展、加大对西南地区牛羊肉产业的培育力度等战略建议。

关键词：牛羊肉产业草地农业肉类生产肉类消费

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Recent advances in understanding genetic variants associated with economically important traits in sheep

Song-Song XU, Meng-Hua LI

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第3期页码 279-288 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017151

摘要： Sheep are one of the most economically important domesticated animals for human society. However, genetic improvements for the key traits associated with meat, growth, milk, wool, reproduction, horns and tails progress slowly using conventional crossbreeding methods. With the development and utilization of high-throughput screening technologies over the last decade, a list of functional genes and genetic variants associated with these traits has been identified. This review covers recent genome-wide studies on sheep productive traits using high-throughput screening technologies, including those based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants at the whole-genome level (e.g., genome-wide association studies), transcriptome and DNA methylation sequences. Additionally, comprehensive information on functional genes and genetic variants associated with economically important traits in sheep is provided.

关键词： sheep high-throughput screening productive traits genome-wide studies

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Characterising populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities in England

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1332-z

摘要：

• Bioaerosol emitted from farming and composting facilities may pose health risks.

关键词： Composting Intensive farming Bioaerosol Population characteristics Public health

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LARGE-SCALE FARMING BENEFITS SOIL ACIDIFICATION ALLEVIATION THROUGH IMPROVED FIELD MANAGEMENT IN BANANA

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第1期页码 48-60 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2022475

摘要：

● Large farms had the highest average yield and the least yield variation.

关键词： plantations land transfer large-scale farming nutrient management soil acidification

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The ecological adaptability of cloned sheep to free-grazing in the Tengger Desert of Inner Mongolia,

Xinxin LI,Huijuan WANG,Guanghua SU,Zhuying WEI,Chunling BAI,Wuni-MENGHE,Yanhui HOU,Changqing YU,Shorgan BOU,Guangpeng LI

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第3期页码 191-200 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014029

摘要： Since the birth of the first cloned sheep, somatic cell nuclear transfer technology has been successfully used to clone a variety of mammals. Cloned livestock have no apparent health risks, and the quality and safety of the cloned animal products are similar to non-cloned animals. The social behavior and environmental adaptability of postnatal cloned animals, especially when used for grassland farm production purposes, is unknown. In the present study, the cloned Dorper sheep equipped with GPS location devices were free-grazed in a harsh natural environment similar to conditions commonly experienced by Mongolian sheep. The main findings of this research were as follows. (1) Under free-grazing conditions, the cloned sheep showed excellent climatic and ecological adaptability. In extreme temperature conditions ranging from -30 to 40°C, the cloned sheep maintained acceptable body condition and behaved as other sheep. (2) The cloned sheep quickly adapted from a herd feeding strategy to the harsh environment and quickly exhibited a grazing regimen as other free-grazing sheep. (3) The cloned sheep exhibited free-grazing patterns and social behavior as other sheep. (4) The cloned sheep in the harsh environment thrived and produced healthy lambs. Overall, the cloned Dorper sheep exhibited excellent ecological adaptation, which is an important consideration for breeding meat sheep by cloning. The Dorper sheep readily adapted to the free-grazing conditions on the Mongolian plateau grassland, which attests to their ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions.

关键词： somatic cell nuclear transfer free-grazing synchronization Dorper sheep cloned animal ecology

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生物技术在养羊业科学研究中的应用

刘守仁

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第7期页码 37-41

摘要：

介绍了冷冻精液、胚胎移植、胚胎冷冻、胚胎分割、体外受精、核移植克隆、基因导入等技术。这些技术的应用使养羊业育种和生产水平大为提高，产生了显著的经济效益。同时，为养羊业科研和生产开辟了新的途径。

关键词：生物技术养羊业

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Reducing the environmental footprint of food and farming with Agriculture Green Development

William J. DAVIES, Jianbo SHEN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第1期页码 1-4 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019311

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无角陶赛特品种绵羊种质特性及其应用的研究

赵有璋,李发弟,张子军,蔡原,孙照刚,杨富民,王旭刚,张德荣

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第5期页码 88-96

摘要：

2000年初引入新西兰无角陶赛特品种绵羊41只，投放在河西走廊的甘肃永昌肉用种羊场，采用舍饲为主、放牧为辅的饲养管理条件，通过对引入羊只的行为表现、生理生化指标、生长发育、繁殖性能、血液蛋白多态位点基因频率及基因型频率、抗病性等进行系统观测，引入的无角陶赛特品种绵羊适应性好，并具有良好的种质特性。至2008年，在永昌县用无角陶赛特品种绵羊杂交改良获得的1～3代杂种羊超过20万只，在甘肃、宁夏、青海、河南等推广区，杂交改良当地羊获得各代杂种羊130余万只，其成为目前正在培育的甘肃现代肉羊新品种的主要父系之一，取得了显著的经济效益。

关键词：无角陶赛特绵羊种质特性应用

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Evaluation of automated in-line precision dairy farming technology implementation in three dairy farms

Maria CARIA, Giuseppe TODDE, Antonio PAZZONA

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第2期页码 181-187 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019252

摘要：

In recent decades, dairy farms have been exposed to wide variation in profit levels due to a considerable variability of milk price, and energy and feed costs. Consequently, it is necessary for the dairy industry to improve efficiency and productivity by adopting innovative technologies. The automated in-parlour milk analysis and separation is mainly useful to produce low or high quality milk and to monitor the animal health status. Milk with high levels of protein and fat contents may reduce the intensity of standardization during cheesemaking process, reducing production costs. The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of real-time milk separation during milking and the performance of the milking machine after implementation of AfiMilk MCS. In addition, the economic aspects were assessed. The separation of milk required the existing milking parlors to be equipped with an additional milkline to allow channeling milk with low and high coagulation properties into two different cooling tanks. The results showed that the high coagulation milk fraction, compared to the bulk milk, increased in fat (from 18% to 43%) and protein (from 3% to 7%) concentration. The technology tested has given promising results showing reliability and efficiency in milk separation in real time with affordable implementation costs.

关键词： cheese yield infrared analysis milk quality real-time measurement sensor

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REINTEGRATION OF CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: AN OVERVIEW

Antonius G. T. SCHUT, Emily C. COOLEDGE, Marc MORAINE, Gerrie W. J. VAN DE VEN, Davey L. JONES, David R. CHADWICK

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 111-129 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020373

摘要： Ongoing specialization of crop and livestock systems provides socioeconomic benefits to the farmer but has led to greater externalization of environmental costs when compared to mixed farming systems. Better integration of crop and livestock systems offers great potential to rebalance the economic and environmental trade-offs in both systems. The aims of this study were to analyze changes in farm structure and review and evaluate the potential for reintegrating specialized intensive crop and livestock systems, with specific emphasis on identifying the co-benefits and barriers to reintegration. Historically, animals were essential to recycle nutrients in the farming system but this became less important with the availability of synthetic fertilisers. Although mixed farm systems can be economically attractive, benefits of scale combined with socio-economic factors have resulted in on-farm and regional specialization with negative environmental impacts. Reintegration is therefore needed to reduce nutrient surpluses at farm, regional and national levels, and to improve soil quality in intensive cropping systems. Reintegration offers practical and cost-effective options to widen crop rotations and promotes the use of organic inputs and associated benefits, reducing dependency on synthetic fertilisers, biocides and manure processing costs. Circular agriculture goes beyond manure management and requires adaptation of both food production and consumption patterns, matching local capacity to produce with food demand. Consequently, feed transport, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient surpluses and nutrient losses to the environment can be reduced. It is concluded that reintegration of specialized farms within a region can provide benefits to farmers but may also lead to further intensification of land use. New approaches within a food system context offer alternatives for reintegration, but require strong policy incentives which show clear, tangible and lasting benefits for farmers, the environment and the wider community.

关键词： circular agriculture coupled farming systems mixed farming specialised farming systems GHG

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当前我国灌区节水改造的问题与对策

孙雪涛

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第9期页码 24-30

摘要：

我国灌区的建设与管理中仍然存在着“重建轻管”、“重灌轻排”的现象，这是长期投入不合理和传统的管理体制所造成的。文章指出在进行大型灌区续建配套与节水改造的过程中，应以建设节水高效灌溉农业为目标，采取国家加大投资力度并调整投资分担比例，进行管理体制的改革，推广科学灌溉并提高用水效率等有力措施，以改变“重建轻管”、“重灌轻排”的现象，使我国灌溉农业得以可持续发展。

关键词：灌溉排水盐碱化农业节水高效

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秦巴山脉农林畜药绿色循环发展战略研究

刘旭,梅旭荣,杨正礼,杨世琦

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 24-30 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.004

摘要：

秦巴山脉农业发展面临的主要问题是农业发展与生态环境矛盾突出，农业生产方式转变难度大，农业资源的差异化和碎片化影响农业经营规模与布局，农产品特色品种多，但知名品牌少、深加工少、效益差，以及特色农产品销售渠道和平台薄弱等。本文基于秦巴山脉农林畜药发展目标与思路，提出了山地生态环境红线管理与环境质量提升、科教引领、特色农产品品牌打造、基于农牧良性循环的生态农业、林下特色经济、山地特色农产品加工与营销六大战略。

关键词：秦巴山脉农林畜药绿色循环发展战略

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开展陆生与水产养殖动物营养感知研究的展望 Perspective

高宗宇, 刘成栋, 麦康森, 何艮

《工程（英文）》 2023年第23卷第4期页码 112-117 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.05.019

摘要：

饲料在动物生长和健康中扮演着重要的角色，然而决定饲料表现的内在机一直是一个所谓的“黑箱”。直到近年来，研究证明营养素能够作为信号分子被细胞和机体感知，并在调控基因表达和代谢活动中起着至关重要的作用。多条分别感知不同营养素的信号通路被发现，营养感知信号调节也已在临床医学中被广泛用于药物开发与疾病控制。然而，在陆生和水产养殖动物中，对主要营养素（蛋白质、糖脂等）的营养感知和代谢调控的研究仍处于起步阶段。因此，我们针对未来在动物营养学中开展营养感知研究可能的研究主题和应用场景提出设想和建议。

关键词：营养感知新陈代谢陆上养殖动物水产养殖动物营养精确营养

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Livestock breeding for the 21st century: the promise of the editing revolution

Chris PROUDFOOT, Gus MCFARLANE, Bruce WHITELAW, Simon LILLICO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 129-135 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019304

摘要：

In recent years there has been a veritable explosion in the use of genome editors to create site-specific changes, both and , to the genomes of a multitude of species for both basic research and biotechnology. Livestock, which form a vital component of most societies, are no exception. While selective breeding has been hugely successful at enhancing some production traits, the rate of progress is often slow and is limited to variants that exist within the breeding population. Genome editing provides the potential to move traits between breeds, in a single generation, with no impact on existing productivity or to develop phenotypes that tackle intractable issues such as disease. As such, genome editors provide huge potential for ongoing livestock development programs in light of increased demand and disease challenge. This review will highlight some of the more notable agricultural applications of this technology in livestock.

关键词： cattle pig sheep chicken aquaculture CRISPR